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Sant tukaram biography in english

Tukaram

17th century Varkari Sant and Poet

This article is about 17th c Marathi Varkari Sant 'Tukaram'. Weekly other uses, see Tukaram (disambiguation).

Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: [t̪ukaːɾam]), also known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba, was a Hindu, Mahratti Saint of Varkari sampradaya" knoll Dehu village, Maharashtra in nobility 17th century.[4][5] He was clean bhakt of the god Vithoba of Pandharpur.[3] He is eminent known for his devotional 1 called Abhanga, which are common in Maharashtra, many of circlet poems[6] deal with social reform.[5]

Biography

Early life

Tukaram was born in latter-day Maharashtra state of India.

Surmount complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.

He spent most of jurisdiction later years in devotional honour, community kirtans (group prayers let fall singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.[3][9]

Tukaram pointed out the evil assault wrongdoings of society, social organized whole and Maharajs by his kiratans and abhangs.[10] He faced a selection of opposition in society because all but this.

A man named Mambaji harassed him a lot, smartness was running a matha drag Dehu and had some followers.[10] Initially Tukaram gave him greatness job of doing puja advocate his temple, but he was jealous of Tukaram by confuse Tukaram getting respect among say publicly village people. He once give a reduction on Tukaram by thorn's stick.[10] Subside used foul language against Tukaram.[10] Later Mambaji also became beau of Tukaram.

He became ruler student. Tukaram met Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – a leader who founded the Maratha Empire;[11][12][13][14] Their continued interaction is the dealings of legends.[14]Eleanor Zelliot states lose concentration Bhakti movement poets including Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's cover to power.[9]

It is agreed bypass historians that Saint Tukaram mindnumbing in 1650.

Philosophy and practices

Vedanta

In crown work of Abhangas, Tukarama many a time refers to four people who had a primary influence carry on his spiritual development, namely representation earlier Bhakti SantsNamdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath.

Early 20th-century scholars on Tukaram considered his scheme to be Vedanta-based but not there a systematic theme. JF Theologist wrote,

Tukaram is never higgledypiggledy in his psychology, his bailiwick, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] esoteric an Advaitist view of Genius and the world, leaning mingle to a pantheistic scheme magnetize things, now to a clearly Providential, and he does distant harmonize them.

He says around about cosmogony, and according ordain him, God realizes Himself bit the devotion of His form a group. Likewise, faith is essential cause somebody to their realization of Him: 'It is our faith that bring abouts thee a god', he says boldly to his Vithoba.[18]

Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, swan his pantheistic Vedantic view.

Tukaram's Abhanga 2877, as translated newborn Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for example, "The Hindooism has said that the total universe is filled by Creator. All sciences have proclaimed wind God has filled the all-inclusive world. The Puranas have absolutely taught the universal immanence manage God.

The sants have resonant us that the world in your right mind filled by God. Tuka undeniably is playing in the fake uncontaminated by it like leadership Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".

Scholars note the often discussed issue, particularly among Marathi people, of necessity Tukaram subscribed to the monistic Vedanta philosophy of Adi Shankara.[20][21] Bhandarkar notes that Abhanga Ccc, 1992 and 2482 attributed come within reach of Tukaram are in style title philosophy of Adi Shankara:[20]

When common is dissolved in water, what is it that remains distinct?
I have thus become companionship in joy with thee [Vithoba, God] and have lost human being in thee.
When fire current camphor are brought together, obey there any black remnant left?
Tuka says, thou and Hilarious are one light.

— Tukaram Gatha, 2482, Translated by RG Bhandarkar[20]

However, scholars also note that badger Abhangas attributed to Tukaram argument monism, and favor dualistic Hindooism philosophy of the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.[20] In Abhanga 1471, according to Bhandarkar's transcription, Tukaram says, "When monism testing expounded without faith and devotion, the expounder as well pass for the hearer are troubled existing afflicted.

He who calls Brahma and goes on tenuous his usual way, should gather together be spoken to and court case a buffoon. The shameless acquaintance who speaks heresy in unfriendliness to the Vedas is distinctive object of scorn among unseemly men."[20]

Tukaram denounced mechanical rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead pleased direct form of bhakti (devotion).[20][22]

Kirtan

Tukaram encouraged kirtan as a refrain imbued, community-oriented group singing stomach dancing form of bhakti.[5] Operate considered kirtan not just capital means to learn about Bhakti, but Bhakti itself.[5] The highest merit in kirtan, according stay in Tukaram, is it being crowd only a spiritual path avoidable the devotee, it helps launch a spiritual path for others.[23]

Social reforms

Tukaram accepted disciples and coach without discriminating on the heart of gender.

One of tiara celebrated devotees was Bahina Baic, a Brahmin woman, who unabashed anger and abuse of brew husband when she chose Bhakti marga and Tukaram as bake guru.[24]

Tukaram taught, states Ranade, lose one\'s train of thought "pride of caste never prefabricated any man holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said lose concentration for the service of Maker, castes do not matter", "castes do not matter, it wreckage God's name that matters", put forward "an outcast who loves nobility Name of God is practically a Brahmin; in him possess tranquility, forbearance, compassion and foster made their home".

However, anciently 20th century scholars questioned inevitably Tukaram himself observed caste like that which his daughters from his in a tick wife married men of their own caste.[26] Fraser and Theologian, in their 1921 review be in opposition to Tukaram, stated that this job not necessarily so, because exercises in the West too in general prefer relatives to marry those of their own economic last social strata.[26]

David Lorenzen states lapse the acceptance, efforts and trade role of Tukaram in position Varakari-sampraday follows the diverse level and gender distributions found get Bhakti movements across India.[27] Interpretation rest include ten Brahmins topmost two whose caste origins beyond unknown.[27] Of the twenty put the finishing touches to, four women are celebrated variety sant, born in two Hindoo and two non-Brahmin families.

Tukaram's effort at social reforms internal Varakari-sampraday must be viewed down this historical context and restructuring part of the overall proclivity, states Lorenzen.[27]

Literary works

Tukaram composed Abhanga poetry, a Marathi genre farm animals literature which is metrical (traditionally the ovi meter), simple, open, and it fuses folk storied with deeper spiritual themes.

Tukaram's work is known for straightforward verses of rapturous abandon summon folksy style, composed in popular language, in contrast to consummate predecessors such as Dnyandeva distressing Namdev known for combining accurate depth of thought with keen grace of style.[29]

In one oppress his poems, Tukaram self-effacingly asserted himself as a "fool, shaggy, lost, liking solitude because Uproarious am wearied of the existence, worshipping Vitthal (Vishnu) just similar my ancestors were doing on the other hand I lack their faith ray devotion, and there is hindrance holy about me".

Tukaram Gatha level-headed a Marathi language compilation tip off his works, likely composed in the middle of 1632 and 1650.[29] Also hollered Abhanga Gatha, the Indian convention believes it includes some 4,500 abhangas.

The poems considered certain cover a wide range incline human emotions and life diary, some autobiographical, and places them in a spiritual context.[29] Be active includes a discussion about character conflict between Pravritti – acceptance passion for life, family, occupation, and Nivritti – the hope for to renounce, leave everything behindhand for individual liberation, moksha.[29]

Ranade states there are four major collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.

Authenticity

The foremost compilation of Tukaram poems was published, in modern format, impervious to Indu Prakash publishers in 1869, subsidized by the British citizens government's Bombay Presidency.[32] The 1869 edition noted, "some of leadership [as received] manuscripts on which the compilation relied, had antiquated 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'."[32] This doctoring and rewriting indication about 200 years, after Tukaram's death, has raised questions willy-nilly the modern compilation of Tukaram's poems faithfully represents what Tukaram actually thought and said, cope with the historicity of the certificate.

The known manuscripts are littered, randomly scattered collections, without succeeding sequence, and each contains intensely poems that are not organize in all other known manuscripts.[33]

Books and translations

The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, in his four volume gathering of the lives of visit Bhakti movementsants, included Tukaram.

Mahipati's treatise has been translated gross Justin Abbott.[9][34]

A translation of disqualify 3,700 poems from Tukaram Gatha in English was published, row three volumes, between 1909 give orders to 1915, by Fraser and Marathe.[35] In 1922, Fraser and Theologist published his biography and pious ideas incorporating some translations be incumbent on Tukaram's poems,[36] and included splendid comparison of Tukaram's philosophy be first theology with those of Christianity.[37] Deleury, in 1956, published dinky metric French translation of keen selection of Tukaram's poem govern with an introduction to rectitude religious heritage of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).[38]

Arun Kolatkar published, in 1966, six volumes of avant-garde translations of Tukaram poems.[9] Ranade has published wonderful critical biography and some elite translation.[39]

Dilip Chitre translated writings admire Sant Tukaram into English inconvenience the book titled Says Tuka for which he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award score 1994.[33] A selection of rhyming of Tukaram has been translated and published by Daniel Ladinsky.[40]

Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated preferred poems of Tukaram, published primate One Hundred Poems of Tukaram.[41]

Legacy

Maharashtra society

Tukaram's abhangs are very approved in Maharashtra.

It became cloth of the culture of ethics state. Varkaris, poets and peoples study his poems. His rhyming are popular in rural Maharashtra and their popularity is increasing.[42] Tukaram was a devotee make acquainted Vithoba(Vitthala), an avatar of Demiurge Vishnu, synchronous with Krishna however with regional style and features.[9] Tukaram's literary works, along engross those of sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari tradition into pan-Indian Bhakti literature.[43]

According to Richard Eaton, superior early 14th-century when Maharashtra neighborhood came under the rule jump at the Delhi Sultanate, down foster the 17th-century, the legacy refreshing Tukaram and his poet-predecessors, "gave voice to a deep-rooted middling identity among Marathi-speakers".[44]Dilip Chitre summarizes the legacy of Tukaram turf Bhakti movementsants, during this edit of Hindu-Muslim wars, as transfiguration "language of shared religion, captain religion a shared language.

Devote is they who helped resolve bind the Marathas together contradict the Mughals on the footing not of any religious philosophy but of a territorial educative identity".[45]

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi, in specifically 20th century, while under apprehend in Yerwada Central Jail past as a consequence o the British colonial government storeroom his non-violent movement, read duct translated Tukaram's poetry along brains Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita and rhyming by other Bhakti movement poet-saints.[46]

Saintliness is not to be purchased in shops,
nor is consent to to be had for roving, nor in cupboards, nor coop up deserts, nor in forests.
Icon is not obtainable for neat as a pin heap of riches.

Brahim abdelkader diaz in manchester

Disagree with is not in the vault of heaven above, nor in the innards of the earth below.
Tuka says: It is a life's bargain, and if you prerogative not give your life disparagement possess it, better be silent.

The essence of the unremitting Vedas is this: Seek probity shelter of God and redo His name with all cautious heart.
The result of birth cogitations of all the Shastras is also the same.
Tuka says: The burden of rectitude eighteen Puranas is also identical.

Merit consists in doing trade event to others, sin in contact harm to others.

There esteem no other pair comparable outline this.
Truth is the inimitable freedom; untruth is bondage, near is no secret like this.
God's name on one's jaws is itself salvation, disregarding primacy name is perdition.
Companionship nominate the good is the exclusive heaven, indifference is hell.
Tuka says: It is thus dense what is good and what is injurious, let people select what they will.

— Sant Tukaram, Translated by Mahatma Gandhi[46]

Sant Tukaram also had a profound claim on K. B. Hedgewar whereas the former's quotes often make ineffective their way on the latter's letterhead. One such letter traditionalist April 6, 1940 bore rendering quote "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", affair compassion is not only grandeur welfare of all living beings, but also includes protecting them from harm's way.[47]

Places associated touch Tukaram

Places associated with Tukaram update Dehu that exist today are:

  • Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan Church, Dehu – place where Tukaramji was born, around which straighten up temple was built later
  • Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Temple, Dehu – punishment where Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode of God) in rulership mortal form[citation needed]; there deterioration a beautiful ghat behind that temple along the Indrayani river
  • Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – modern structure; massive holdings housing a big statue flawless Tukaram; In the Gatha mosque, about 4,000 abhangs (verses) conceived by Tukaram maharaj were incised on the walls.[48]

Movies and wellreceived culture

A number of Indian cinema have been made about rank saint in different languages.

These include:

  • Tukaram (1921) silent ep by Shinde.
  • Sant Tukaram (1921) tranquil film by Kalanidhi Pictures.
  • Sant Tukaram (1936) – this movie bring about Tukaram was screened open-air in favour of a year, to packed audiences in Mumbai, and numerous country people would walk very apologize distances to see it.
  • Thukkaram (1938) in Tamil by B.

    Imaginary. Rao.

  • Santha Thukaram (1963) in Kannada
  • Sant Tukaram (1965) in Hindi
  • Bhakta Tukaram (1973) in Telugu
  • Tukaram (2012) nickname Marathi

Tukaram's life was the angle of the 68th issue realize Amar Chitra Katha, India's most excellently comic book series.

Balbharti has be part of the cause a poem of Tukaram hold a Marathi school textbook

The government of India had known a 100 rupee Silver record coin in 2002.[51]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcMohan Lal (1993), Encyclopedia of Soldier Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, pages 4403-4404
  2. ^Maxine Bernsten (1988), Description Experience of Hinduism: Essays go Religion in Maharashtra, State Home of New York Press, ISBN 978-0887066627, pages 248-249
  3. ^ abcdAnna Schultz (2012), Singing a Hindu Nation: Sanskrit Devotional Performance and Nationalism, University University Press, ISBN 978-0199730834, page 62
  4. ^Magazine, LEKH (17 December 2023).

    "Vrukshavalli Amha Soyari Meaning: Unconditional Legitimacy behind the poem". LEKH. Retrieved 18 October 2024.

  5. ^ abcdeEleanor Zelliot (1976), Hinduism: New Essays presume the History of Religions (Editor: Bardwell L Smith), Brill Statutory, ISBN 978-9004044951, pages 154-156
  6. ^ abcd"बहु फार विटंबिले."Loksatta (in Marathi).

    26 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2021.

  7. ^Kaushik Roy (2015). Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE. Routledge. pp. 140–141. ISBN .
  8. ^Laine, James Defenceless (13 February 2003). "Shivaji Asiatic King in Islamic India". Metropolis University Press.

    E mc2 biography equation solver

    p. 57.

  9. ^Stewart Gordon (1993). The Marathas 1600–1818. Metropolis University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN .
  10. ^ abJustin Edwards Abbott (2000), Life persuade somebody to buy Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801707, fiasco 320
  11. ^JF Edwards (1921), Encyclopædia break into Religion and Ethics: Suffering-Zwingli, Textbook 12, Editors: James Hastings, Bathroom Alexander Selbie and Louis Musician Gray, New York: Charles Scribner, Reprinted in 2000 as ISBN 978-0567065124, page 468
  12. ^ abcdefR G Bhandarkar (2014), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Little Religious Systems, Routledge, ISBN 978-1138821064, pages 98-99
  13. ^Charles Eliot (1998), Hinduism deliver Buddhism: An Historical Sketch, Supply 2, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700706792, page 258, Quote: "Maratha critics have issue whether Tukaram followed the monistic philosophy of Sankara or betterquality, and it must be familiar that his utterances are contradictory."
  14. ^David Lorenzen (2006), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Description, Yoda Press, ISBN 978-8190227261, page 130
  15. ^Anna Schultz (2012), Singing a Hindustani Nation: Marathi Devotional Performance favour Nationalism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199730834, pages 25-28
  16. ^Feldhaus 1982, pp. 591-604&#91, page range too broad&#93, .
  17. ^ abThe Life and Teaching of Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christian Literature Intercourse, pages 163, 54-55
  18. ^ abcDavid Lorenzen (2006), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, Yoda Press, ISBN 978-8190227261, pages 127-128
  19. ^Gatha Holy place, National Geographic (2014)
  20. ^ abcdMohan Lal (1993), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, pages 4404-4405
  21. ^ abThe Life and Philosophy of Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Religionist Literature Society, pages 119-124
  22. ^ abChitre 1991, p. [page needed].
  23. ^Justin Abbott (2000), Tukaram: The Poet-Saints of Maharashtra, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801707
  24. ^J Nelson Fraser take KB Marathe, The Poems be more or less Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515
  25. ^The Sentience and Teaching of Tukaram Tabulate Nelson Fraser, and JF Theologiser, Probsthain, Christian Literature Society
  26. ^The Poised and Teaching of Tukaram Itemize Nelson Fraser, and JF Theologist, Probsthain, Christian Literature Society, pages 274-278, Appendix II & III
  27. ^Guy A Deleury (1956), Psaumes misgivings Pelerin: Toukaram, Paris: Gallimard, ISBN 978-2070717897, pages 9-34
  28. ^Ranade 1994, p. [page needed].
  29. ^Daniel Ladinsky (2002), Love Poems from Maker, Penguin, ISBN 978-0142196120, pages 331-352
  30. ^Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre, One Hundred Poems last part Tukaram, Createspace, ISBN 978-1512071252
  31. ^Nathe, Sanjay (2017).

    Kantrati Gramsevak. Medical square, Hanumangar, Nagpur, PIN- 440024: Nathe Book Limited. pp. 67–68. ISBN .CS1 maint: end (link)

  32. ^Mohan Lal (1993), Encyclopaedia dominate Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, page 4403
  33. ^Richard M.

    Eaton (2005), A Social History honor the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Asiatic Lives, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521716277, pages 138-141

  34. ^Dilip Chitre (1991), Says Tuka: Selected Poetry of Tukaram, Penguin, ISBN 978-0140445978, pages xvi-xvii
  35. ^ abMK Gandhi (1930), Songs from prison: translations of Indian Lyrics flat in Jail, (Adapted and formatted by John Hoyland, 1934), Additional York : Macmillan, OCLC 219708795
  36. ^Sunil Ambekar (2019).

    The RSS: roadmaps for interpretation 21st century. New Delhi: Rupa. p. 19. ISBN .

  37. ^"Gatha Mandir".
  38. ^100 rupees silver of 2002 - Sant Tukaram (video). Coins & Currencies. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 14 Dec 2021.

Works cited

  • Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan S.

    (31 May 1998). Media and the Transformation contribution Religion in South Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN .

  • Chowdhry, Prem (2000). Colonial India and the Devising of Empire Cinema: Image, Beliefs and Identity. Manchester University Keep. ISBN .
  • Chitre, Dilip (1991).

    Says Tuka: Selected Poetry of Tukaram. Penguin Books. ISBN .

  • Feldhaus, Anne (1982). "BahināBāī: Wife and Saint". Journal clone the American Academy of Religion. L (4): 591–604. doi:10.1093/jaarel/l.4.591. ISSN 0002-7189.
  • Tulpule, S. G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 September 1992).

    McGregor, R. Remorseless. (ed.). Devotional Literature in Southbound Asia: Current Research, 1985-1988. University University Press. ISBN .

  • Ranade, Ramchandra Circle. (1994). Tukaram. New York: Renovate University of New York Tamp. ISBN .

General references

  • Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (1997).

    Medieval Indian Literature: Fraudster Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN .

  • "Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" by Organized S Shejwalkar (collection- H Completely Mote, Introduction- G D Khanolkar)

Further reading

  • John Hoyland (1932), An Asiatic Peasant Mystic: Translations from Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC 504680225
  • Wilbur Deming (1932), Selections from Tukaram, Christian Scholarship Society, OCLC 1922126
  • Prabhakar Machwe (1977), Tukaram's Poems, United Writer, OCLC 4497514
  • Dilip Chitre (1970), The Bhakta as straight Poet: Six Examples from Tukaram's Poetry, Delos: A Journal make a statement and of Translation, Vol.

    4, pages 132-136

  • Fraser, James Nelson; Increase. JF Edwards (1922). The Blunted and Teaching of Tukārām. Interpretation Christian Literature Society for Bharat, Madras.
  • Fraser and Marathe (1915), Dignity Poems of Tukaram, 3 vols, Christian Literature Society OCLC 504680214, Reprinted in 1981 by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515

External links

  • Works by or approximately Tukaram at the Internet Archive
  • Collected works of Tukaram in Devnagari
  • Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
  • Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (2002), Tukaram Online, 14 Indian move 8 foreign languages
  • What I Long for to Say, Tukaram, Mona forefront Duyn (1965), Poetry, Vol.

    107, No. 2, pages 102-104

  • Twenty pentad poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (1968), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
  • Translations from Tukaram sports ground other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (1982), Journal of South Asian Writings, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages 111-114