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John kay invented flying shuttle biography definition

John Kay (flying shuttle)

British inventor

Not convey be confused with John Spring of Warrington who invented high-mindedness spinning frame.

John Kay

Portrait, said to be of Toilet Kay in the 1750s,[1] on the other hand probably of his son,[2] "Frenchman" John Kay.[3]

Born17 June (N.S 28 June) 1704[4]

Walmersley, Bury, Lancashire, England

Diedc. 1779[5][6][7]

France

NationalityEnglish
OccupationInventor
Known forFlying shuttle
SpouseAnne Holte[8]
ChildrenLettice, Robert (drop bole inventor), Ann, Samuel, Lucy, Criminal, John, Alice, Shuse, William, (and two other children who mind-numbing in childhood)[9]
Parent(s)Robert Kay and Ellin Kay, née Entwisle

John Kay (17 June 1704 – c.

1779) was an English inventor whose most important creation was description flying shuttle, which was nifty key contribution to the Profitable Revolution. He is often disorganized with his namesake,[10][11] who secure the first "spinning frame".[12]

Early life

John Kay was born on 17 June 1704 in the Lancashire hamlet of Walmersley,[4] just northern of Bury.

His yeoman smallholder father, Robert, owned the "Park" estate in Walmersley, and Closet was born there.[13] Robert dreary before John was born, send-off Park House to his progeny son. As Robert's fifth kid (out of ten children), Convenience was bequeathed £40 (at lead 21) and an education undecided the age of 14.[14] Fillet mother was responsible for educating him until she remarried.

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Apprenticeship

He apprenticed with a hand-loom reed maker, but is articulate to have returned home internal a month claiming to maintain mastered the business.[15] He intentional a metal substitute for nobleness natural reed that proved approved enough for him to trade throughout England.[11] After travelling greatness country, making and fitting lead reeds, he returned to Eradicate and, on 29 June 1725, both he and his relation, William, married Bury women.

John's wife was Anne Holte.[16] King daughter Lettice was born distort 1726, and his son Parliamentarian in 1728.[17]

In Bury he prolonged to design improvements to structure machinery; in 1730 he patented a cording and twisting transactions for worsted.[18]

The Flying Shuttle

In 1733,[19] he received a patent concerning his most revolutionary device: put in order "wheeled shuttle" for the motivate loom.[20][21] It greatly accelerated weaving,[22] by allowing the shuttle intrusive the weft to be passed through the warp threads stimulate and over a greater breadth of cloth.[23] It was calculated for the broad loom, put under somebody's nose which it saved labour help the traditional process, needing unique one operator per loom (before Kay's improvements a second friend was needed to catch probity shuttle).[24]

Kay always called this concoction a "wheeled shuttle", but remnants used the name "fly-shuttle" (and later, "flying shuttle") because advice its continuous speed, especially conj at the time that a young worker was good it in a narrow appear.

The shuttle was described primate travelling at "a speed which cannot be imagined, so super that the shuttle can inimitable be seen like a minuscule cloud which disappears the harmonized instant."[25]

Opposition

In July 1733, Kay chary a partnership in Colchester, County to begin fly-shuttle manufacturing.[26] Negation industrial unrest was anticipated, that being the first device quite a few the modern era to considerably enhance productivity.[27] But by Sept 1733 the Colchester weavers, were so concerned for their livelihoods that they petitioned the Energetic to stop Kay's inventions.[26]

The brief shuttle was to create skilful particular imbalance by doubling weaving productivity without changing the set out at which thread could nurture spun,[28]disrupting spinners and weavers showing.

Kay tried to promote position fly-shuttle in Bury, but could not convince the woollen manufacturers that it was sufficiently robust; he spent the next team a few years improving the technology, unsettled it had several advantages occupy the device specified in honourableness 1733 patent. This was lay aside be one of his in hock in the coming patent disputes.[29]

In 1738 Kay went to City, where his problem had convert royalty collection[30] (the annual authorization fee was 15 Shillings make a fuss of shuttle).[5] He continued to concoct, patenting some machines in honesty same year, though these were not taken up industrially.[31]

The Transport Club

Kay (and, initially, his partners) launched numerous patent infringement lawsuits, but if any of these cases were successful,[32] compensation was below the cost of pursuance.

Rather than capitulate, the manufacturers formed "the Shuttle Club", ingenious syndicate which paid the stream of any member brought get on the right side of court; their strategy of translucent piracy and mutual indemnification just about bankrupted Kay.[33]

In 1745, he topmost Joseph Stell patented a implement for cloth ribbon weaving, which they anticipated might be artificial by water wheel,[19] but they were unable to advance their plans because of Kay's statutory costs.[31] Impoverished and harassed, Spring was compelled to leave City, and he returned to Bury.[34] Also in 1745, John's ordinal, and final, child, William, was born.[9]

Kay remained inventive; in 1746 he was working on key efficient method of salt production,[35] and designing improvements to orbit technology: but that made him unpopular among Bury spinners.[34] Extremely, fly-shuttle use was becoming far-flung in weaving,[36] increasing cotton fibre demand and its price; remarkable Kay was blamed.[37]

Life in France

He had suffered violent treatment look England, but he did pule leave the country on consider it account, but because of dominion inability to enforce (or get from) his patent rights.[38]Trudaine'sBureau skid Commerce was known to provide backing textile innovations (and would next actively recruit immigrant inventors).[39] Doubtlessly encouraged by the prospect light state support,[40] in 1747, Fountain left England for France (where he had never been in the past, and did not speak honesty language).

State subsidy

Kay went dispense Paris, and throughout 1747 negotiated with the French Government (in English) to sell them fillet technology.[41]

Denied the huge lump totality he wanted, Kay finally united to 3,000 livres plus keen pension of 2,500 livre,[5] (annually from 1749) in exchange represent his patent, and instruction teeny weeny its use (to the produce of Normandy).

He retained depiction sole rights to shuttle origination in France,[42] and brought couple of his sons to Town to make them. Although circumspect of entering the manufacturing hinterlands (because of his experiences pick up again rioting weavers in England) proscribed was prevailed upon to branch out so.

At one time, high-mindedness French authorities may have carrying a chip on one` his communication with England,[43] on the other hand Kay wrote about the chance use of his technology paddock England to the French government: "My new shuttles are too used in England to fashion all sorts of narrow lanuginous goods, although their use could have been more perfect difficult to understand the weavers consulted me".[44]

The gaze of mechanisation in French rastructure production is traditionally dated fully 1753, with the widespread appropriation of the flying shuttle there.[45] Most of these new shuttles were copies, not made get ahead of the Kays.

John Kay badly tried to enforce his builtup monopoly, and began to feud with the French authorities, for a moment returning to England, in 1756[46] (it is said[by whom?] saunter he was in his Inter home in 1753 when destroy was vandalised by a host, and that he narrowly fugitive with his life,[31][47] but that is probably a 19th-century live longer than based on earlier Colchester riots; Kay was probably in Author throughout the early 1750s).[48]

He make imperceptible his prospects in England unimproved; by 1758 he was check in France, which became sovereign adopted country,[5] though he was to visit England at littlest twice more.

In the chill of 1765/66 he appealed run into the Royal Society of School of dance to reward him for empress inventions, and exhibited his card-making machine for them. The Company could find no-one who arranged the shuttle,[34] and there was a breakdown in correspondence, desirable that no award was intelligent made. He was in England again in 1773, but complementary to France in 1774 receipt lost his pension (at grey-haired 70).

Old age

His offer prank teach pupils if the annuity were restored was not captivated up, and he spent wreath remaining years developing and assets machines for cotton manufacturers lead to Sens and Troyes. Though dirt was busy with engineering skull letter-writing until 1779, he reactionary only 1,700 livres from distinction French state over these fin years, reaching a state dispense penury in March 1778 formerly receiving his final advance (to develop yet more machinery).[49]

His remain known letter (8 June 1779) listed his latest achievements avoidable the Intendant de Commerce, pivotal proposed further inventions.

But because these were never made, pole no more is heard practice the 75-year-old Kay, it disintegration believed that he must be endowed with died later in 1779.[7]

Legacy

In Deluge, Kay has become a neighbourhood hero: there are still distinct pubs named after him, chimp are the Kay Gardens.[50] Snow under town centre has William Logistician Gough's 1908 Memorial to Lav Kay (sculpture by John Cassidy).[51] Planning began after a 1903 Bury public meeting launched unembellished public subscription.

19th century efforts to acknowledge Kay achieved petty, but by 1903 it was felt that Bury "owed Bog Kay's memory an atonement", extremity that all Bury should bestow in restitution to "that chicly ingenious and martyred man".[52]

John Kay's son, Robert, stayed in Britain,[53] and in 1760 developed loftiness "drop-box",[19][54] which enabled looms puzzle out use multiple flying shuttles in olden days, allowing multicolour wefts.[23]

His son Convenience ("French Kay") had long resided with his father in Writer.

In 1782 he provided proscribe account of his father's misfortune to Richard Arkwright, who wanted to highlight problems with transparent defence in a parliamentary petition.[55]

Ford Madox Brown portrayed Kay unthinkable his invention in a wall painting painting in Manchester Town Vestibule.

Thomas Sutcliffe

In the 1840s, pick your way of Kay's great-grandsons, Thomas Sutcliffe, campaigned to promote a Colchester heritage for Kay's family. Embankment 1846 he unsuccessfully sought boss parliamentary grant for Kay's kinship in compensation for his ancestor's treatment in England.[31] He was inaccurate in the details contempt his grandfather's genealogy and version, and his "Fanciful and Fallacious Statements" were discredited by Bathroom Lord's detailed examination of leading sources.[56][57][58]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^"Science and Society Reach Library".
  2. ^John Ainsworth (b.

    1777) says in his book Walks get out Bury (1842) that he old saying this picture in 1842, bid that it appeared to sector the inventor's son who soil knew "very well". Although Ainsworth knew the son as inventiveness old man, and could arrange have met the inventor individual, Lord (1903) wrote that that "settles the question of agitation as regards the portraits which Lieut.-Col.

    Sutcliffe put into expansion as a portrait of reward great-grandfather" (the fly-shuttle inventor) considering Ainsworth is a more firm source than Sutcliffe, who originated the claim that the older John Kay is pictured. Potentate (page 92) states, "It was the inventor’s son John, who obtained the name “Frenchman Kay.” This description of the laddie by Canon Raines is memo of the identity of description portraits (where the three-cornered docilely and French garb are bear evidence), and these were reorganization “Veritas” described them, portraits pray to John Kay the son, who married Elizabeth Lonsdall."

  3. ^Mann, J.

    indulge L. (January 1931). "XXII: Magnanimity introduction of the fly shuttle". The cotton trade and manual Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. Book V. City University Press. p. 449. ASIN B0006ALG3Y. As well as the recollection of the sitter given bypass John Ainsworth, the "French" collection and tricorne were characteristic matching "Frenchman" John Kay in 1790s Bury (where he was thoughtful a "fop" -see Lord (1903) pages 91–92).

  4. ^ abLord, John (1903).

    "IV: Documentary Evidence of Descent". Memoir of John Kay. Tabulate. Clegg. p. 79. ISBN . OCLC 12536656.

  5. ^ abcdHills, R. L. (August 1998). "Kay (of Bury), John". In Unremarkable, L.; McNeil, I.

    (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of the History perceive Technology (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 393. ISBN .

  6. ^J. B. Thompson's 1964 abridgement in The achievements of Brown-nose civilisation says "date of inattentive unknown". Nobody has yet wind up exact records or year interpret his death, though all large quantity agree it occurred in Writer between 1764 and 1780.

    Sovereignty final year is often land-living as 1764 (for instance, close to the London Science Museum) dominant often as 1780 (e.g. picture BBC's History of the worldgives a 1780 death date wear the South of France associate with age 76). Lord (1903) was skeptical that Kay reached 70. And, in the Bury Times (27 December 1902) Lord wrote "The death of John Brim, in Paris, occurred in 1767 or 1768" (see: Bygone Bury p.

    108). Lord acknowledges consider it no Paris death registration exists for John Kay between 1750 and 1770, but says stroll this is because "documents cut into all kinds were destroyed not later than the Commune revolutionary days" —see Lord (1903) p. 169. Writer (1931) reports a July 1779 letter from Kay (largely decision out earlier dates) but says that he very probably monotonous shortly after the letter was written and that the penman of Thoughts on the Running of Machines (1780, probably Dorning Rasbotham) makes a "natural error" in writing that Kay was still alive in 1780.

  7. ^ abMann (1931) p.

    464-465

  8. ^Lord, J. (1903). "VI: John Kay, Inventor exclude the Fly-Shuttle". Memoir of Bog Kay. p. 96. OCLC 12536656.
  9. ^ abLord (1903) p.82
  10. ^Kay, J. (2 Jan 2003). "Weaving the fine texture of success".

    Financial Times. Retrieved 2 June 2010. (John Kay's essay on the three John Kays of the Manual Revolution).

  11. ^ ab"John Kay, inventor disparage the flying shuttle". Cotton Times: understanding the Industrial Revolution. 8 December 2007. p. 1. Archived be bereaved the original on 4 June 2011.

    Retrieved 2 June 2010.

  12. ^Espinasse, F. (1874). Lancashire worthies. Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. OCLC 10973235. "who has not the bottom connection with John Kay, birth inventor of the fly-shuttle" (p. 330)... "John Kay, a horologer, who is not for neat moment to be confounded expound John Kay of Bury, blue blood the gentry undoubted inventor of the fly-shuttle" (p.

    378)

  13. ^Lord (1903) p.86 – The Park House, pictured.
  14. ^Lord (1903) p.76
  15. ^Lord (1903) p.91
  16. ^Lord, John (1903). "Genealogical Records". Memoir of Bathroom Kay. p. 132. ISBN .
  17. ^Lord (1903) proprietress. 81
  18. ^"John Kay 1704–1780 Inventor slant the Flying Shuttle".

    Cotton Inner-city website. Archived from the imaginative on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.

  19. ^ abc"Introduction". Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications relating to weaving. Vol. Part II, A.D. 1860–1866. Patent office.

    1871. p. xix. OCLC 49958504.

  20. ^More specifically, insinuation a "New Engine or Completing for Opening and Dressing Wool" that incorporated his flying go back and forth – John Kay Biography (1704–1764)[permanent dead link‍]. A less put the lid on portion of the same downright (British patent no.

    542) describes the 'batting machine' he esoteric invented to rid the cloth of dust. The critical identifying attached to the patent moderate 26 May 1733 (No. 542) describes "A new invented plane, for the better and very exact weaving of broad cloths, broad bays, sail cloths manage any other broad goods...by comport yourself on four wheels moves tip over the lower side of say publicly web and spring, on top-hole board about nine feet unconventional.

    a small cord commanded fail to notice the hand of the weaverbird, the weaver, sitting in blue blood the gentry middle of the loom, mess up great ease and expedition newborn a small pull at say publicly cord casts or moves class said new invented shuttle raid side to side", quoted get round Mantoux (1928).

  21. ^Macy, A. W.

    (1912). "John Kay and his evanescent shuttle". Curious bits of history. The Cosmopolitan press. p. 171. OCLC 7323638.

  22. ^"1733 – Flying Shuttle, Mechanisation of Textile Making". Archived stranger the original on 10 Jan 2013.
  23. ^ abWilliams, E.

    H. (October 1904). A history of science. Vol. 9. New York: Harper. p. 42. OCLC 545235.

  24. ^Bigwood, G. (1919). Historian, G. D. (ed.). Cotton. Sample trades and industries. Vol. II. Newborn York: Holt. p. 37. OCLC 2052367. (However, the Bury town end of hostilities called to honour John Spring in 1903 noted that integrity biblical shuttle was still hem in use at that time bed India, where two people over and over again still worked a single jut —though mill production was lush there.)
  25. ^Roland de la Platière, Encyclopédie Méthodique (1785).

    Translation given consign Mann (1931) p.470. If Roland wrote this part of excellence Encyclopédie Méthodique, he was handwriting about a shuttle he'd deviant in Rouen in 1785, renounce would have been manufactured be submerged Kay's supervision, or modelled subsequently his design.

  26. ^ abMann, J.

    standalone L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (1931). "The introduction of the dash shuttle". The cotton trade enthralled industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Manchester Code of practice Press. p. 451.

  27. ^Mok, M. (March 1931). "Will you lose your job because of a additional machine?". Popular Science. 118 (3 – 154 pages – Magazine): 19.
  28. ^Dickens, C., ed.

    (1860). All the year round. Vol. 3. p. 63. OCLC 1479125.

  29. ^Mann, J. de Applause. (1931). The cotton trade tolerate industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. The modify to machine spinning. pp. 452–454.
  30. ^Mantoux, P. (1928). "Machinery in integrity textile industry".

    The Industrial Repel in the Eighteenth Century: Spruce Outline of the Beginnings sustaining the Modern Factory System conduct yourself England. pp. 207–208. ISBN .

  31. ^ abcdStephen, L.; Lee, S. (1908).

    "KAY, JOHN". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 10. p. 1135. ISBN . In 1738 Unmistakable No. 561 was issued resist Kay for a windmill supporter working pumps and for mammoth improved pump-chain.

  32. ^Mann, J. de Kudos. (1931). The cotton trade put up with industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780.

    Vol. V. p. 451. OL 16534004M.

  33. ^Barlow, A. (1878). "Chapter V: The fly shuttle-hand shuttle-drop boxes, etc.-John Kay". The characteristics and principles of weaving gross hand and by power. Unrelenting. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. p. 96.
  34. ^ abcBarlow (1878) p.97
  35. ^Mann (1931) p.456
  36. ^Mantoux (1928) says ditch the shuttle appears in awful districts much later, and ferocity against the 'engine weavers' was continuing in 1760s London (pg.208).

    In Britain, the invention was only acknowledged to be top 'general use' by 1760, unthinkable then only for cotton, however it was standard practice unnecessary earlier. In 1747, before production any offers to Kay, significance French Government inquired in Author about the shuttles' uptake, gleam were assured that "no assault uses anything but his shuttles" Mann (1931) p.467.

    The notion that the "fly-shuttle" had antiquated very widely adopted by 1746 may have been due get in touch with a confusion of this back with another that Kay esoteric made in 1734–1735: in decency method of shuttle bobbin bending to reduce breaks. It was this simpler step that was first widely copied and became known as "Kay's shuttle"; that improved, non-wheeled shuttle was direction (dubiously legal) general use all the time Lancashire and Yorkshire by 1737, and also substantially increased business see: Mann (1931) p.467-468.

  37. ^Beggs-Humphreys, M.; Gregor, H.; Humphreys, D.

    (April 2006). "The revolution in revolution and weaving". The Industrial Revolution. Routledge Economic History. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN .

  38. ^Inability to enforce uncluttered patent is the reason terrestrial by Kay – Mann (1931) p. 456
  39. ^Mann, J. de Renown. (1931). "The French Cotton Grind and its relations with England".

    The cotton trade and economic Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. V. pp. 197–199.

  40. ^Mann (1931) p.195 proposes that say publicly prospect of French state build attracted Kay and later inventors to France. Also, Kay's affairs of state and religion would have antediluvian compatible (as those of Calvinist inventors like Lewis Paul in all probability were not).
  41. ^Mann, J.

    de Plaudits. (1931). "XXII(i) Kay's career pavement England and France". The fabric trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. V. Manchester University Press. pp. 458–459. (The amount Kay needed would be equivalent to £2.03 million at today's prices.)

  42. ^He did very different from hold the right of barter in Languedoc, having sold keep happy rights there (for 15,000 livres) before reaching agreement with magnanimity French Government in 1749.

    However outside of Languedoc, he spoken for the monopoly on legal manual labor of fly-shuttles for use add on France, see: Mann, J. blow up L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (1931). "Kay's career in England present-day France". The cotton trade highest industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. p. 460.

  43. ^Although Fountain certainly did write to picture Society of Arts, and was in contact with his analysis in Bury, it was exposure by some in England go off was unreachable; a letter promulgated in Williamson's Liverpool AdvertiserArchived 27 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine is 7 February 1766 reads "a long time promote he was obliged to slope all Correspondence with his natural land as it was crowd agreeable to his new Masters"
  44. ^Letter in the French Archives nationales.

    Extract quoted p. 470 get the picture Mann (1931) from the Town archives range F/12 (992 à 1083: Inventions & related proportion 1702–1830) section 993.

  45. ^Smith, M. Merciless. (January 2006). "Textile capitalism". The emergence of modern business game in France, 1800–1930. Harvard College Press. p. 132. ISBN .
  46. ^Mann, J.

    activity L. (1931). "Kay's career cloudless England and France". The yarn course trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. p. 460.

  47. ^According to Barlow (1878) Spring only survived this 1753 attack because "two friends carried him away in a wool sheet" -a story given by Writer in his weekly magazine 28 April 1860, and traced answer for to a 1766 letter circumvent an unconnected party in leadership Williamson's Liverpool Advertiserby Mann (1931).

    Bennet Woodcroft's A Complete Scenery of the Cotton Trade says he was smuggled out foundation a "sack of wool" (p.302).

  48. ^Although he, or his son, wrote of an anti-"Wheel Shuttle" mob violence, no mention of a 1753 attack predates the 19th 100 and this story has in all likelihood grown out of earlier disturbances in Colchester see Mann (1931) p.456
  49. ^Mann (1931) p.

    463-464

  50. ^"Manchester Engineers and Inventors". www.manchester2002-uk.com. Archived devour the original on 3 Honourable 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  51. ^Wyke, T.; Cocks, H. (2005). Public sculpture of Greater Manchester. Metropolis University Press. pp. 244–246.

    ISBN . (Many more images and trifles of the memorial are handy at johncassidy.org.)

  52. ^"The John Kay Memorial". Bury Times. 18 March 1903.
  53. ^If Robert stayed in France filter all, he had permanently shared to Bury by 1748. In that Robert was born in 1728, he probably never left Kingdom when John Kay did.

    See: Hills, R. L. (1998). "Kay, Robert". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.). Biographical Dictionary promote to the History of Technology. p. 393. ISBN .

  54. ^Cole, Alan Summerly (1911). "Weaving" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.).

    University University Press. pp. 440–455, see stage 447, first para, lines 11 and 12.

  55. ^Fitton, R. Severe. (1989). "Arkwright on the offensive". The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune. Manchester University Press. p. 99. ISBN .
  56. ^Mann, J. de L. (1931). "Kay's career in England tell off France".

    The cotton trade with the addition of industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Manchester School Press. p. 449.

  57. ^Lord, John (1903). "III: The Fanciful and Incorrect Statements regarding John Kay, feeling by Lieut.-Col Thomas Sutcliffe, Great-Grandson of the Inventor". Memoir apparent John Kay, of Bury, Department of Lancaster, Inventor of influence Fly-Shuttle, Metal Reeds, etc., etc.

    J. Clegg. p. 40. OCLC 12536656.

  58. ^Whilst Colchester had a long association co-worker weaving and the wool put money on, this link seems to have confidence in on an 1848 source (White's History Gazetteer and Directory round the County of Essex) which has been repeated uncritically close to later writers.

    There is entail exploration of this in information bank article by Don Scott show the Essex Journal (Essex Newspaper, Spring 2008 pp. 6–9) which finds no independent evidence another the Colchester connection. (This write off also explores the archives regard the Royal Society of Veranda and their dealings with Privy Kay.)

Bibliography

  • Lord, J.

    (1903). Memoir elect John Kay of Bury, author of the fly-shuttle. With graceful review of the textile ocupation and manufacture from earliest times. Rochdale: James Clegg. ISBN . OCLC 12536656.

External links