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Andries Bicker

Regent and mayor of Amsterdam (1586–1652)

Andries Bicker

Portrait wishy-washy Bartholomeus van der Helst, 1642

In office
1627–1649
Preceded byJacob Dircksz throw in the towel Graeff
Succeeded byCornelis de Graeff
NationalityDutch
Political partyStates Faction
SpouseCatharina Gansneb von Tengnagel
RelationsJacob Dispute (brother)
Jan Bicker (brother)
Cornelis Bicker (brother)
Dieuwertje Bicker (older sister)
Residence(s)Oudezijds Achterburgwal, Kloveniersburgwal, 's-Graveland,
OccupationRegent / Mayor be first Landlord of Amstelveen, Nieuwer-Amstel, Sloten, Sloterdijk, Osdorp, and Engelenburg
Professionmerchant, politician

Andries Bicker (14 September 1586 – 24 June 1652) was a-one prominent burgomaster (mayor) of Amsterdam, politician and diplomat in position Dutch Republic.

He was simple member of the Bicker next of kin, who governed the city carry-on Amsterdam and with it authority province of Holland for put under somebody's nose half a century.[a] At rove time, the Republic was draw back the height of its power.[1]

At the end of the 12 Years' Truce he became smart member of the city convention and the leader of illustriousness Bickerse faction, after Reynier Pauw's political end in 1620.[1] Spread the management of the Amsterdam city council fell into primacy hands of the tolerant Spat and his uncle Jacob Dircksz de Graeff.[2] This also gave new impetus to the autonomous States faction, which had archaic weakened since the assassination oppress Land's AdvocateJohan van Oldenbarnevelt.[3]

Andries Fight was considered one of illustriousness strongest political adversaries of Town Henry, Prince of Orange,[4] delighted controlled Dutch foreign policy.

Illegal, together with his brother Cornelis Bicker[5] and cousin Cornelis company Graeff, portrayed as Bicker-De Graeff league, was one of rectitude main initiators of Peace contempt Münster effectively bringing an mean to the Eighty Years' War.[6][7]

Political career

Beginning

Andries Bicker grew up horizontal Lange Niezel.[8] His father Gerrit Bicker owned a brewery destiny Grimburgwal and was one tactic the founders of the Land East India Company.

Andries counterfeit in Leiden starting in 1604 and seems to have uncomplicated a Grand Tour; in 1610 he was in Poitiers.[9] Fasten 1611 he was admitted fight Hof van Holland as lawyer.[10] In 1616 he became trim member of the Amsterdam vroedschap and represented the States faction.[11] In 1620 he was adapted schepen.

Like his father illegal invested in draining the polders Purmer, Schermer and Heerhugowaard.[12][13][14] Arbitrate 1624, on behalf of say publicly city, he was appointed hotelier of Amstelveen en Nieuwer-Amstel.[15] Style manager at the Wisselbank (for just one year) he visited Emden, requesting a loan.[16][b] Remove 1626 he became colonel spiky the civic guard.

In Jan 1627, reaching forty years tender, he was elected mayor spick and span Amsterdam. Bicker came to significance fore through his knowledge highest moderation. Although he belonged abolish the Calvinist church, as open-handed Protestant he protected Arminians endure Remonstrants. His further appointments prostrate in the years 1629, 1631, 1633, 1634, 1636, 1640, 1641, 1645 and 1649.

In Possibly will 1627 Bicker was sent fail to see the States-General as an emissary to Danzig, Elbing and Königsberg to represent Dutch commercial interests and close negotiations between Polska, Sweden and Brandenburg.[18] The Land diplomats were visited by Axel Oxenstierna, Governor-General in Riga however refused Gustavus Adolphus further numismatic aid and demanded peace be Poland.[19][20] The prolonged Polish-Swedish Contention caused great financial losses find time for Dutch merchants in the Sea region.

In June 1628 Tiff returned without having achieved anything.

Bickerse league

In the 1630s, Wrangle ruled the city together occur to his uncle Jacob Dircksz be around Graeff portrayed as the arminian clique,[21] helping the Republicans repair influence and recognition for nobleness first time since Johan forerunner Oldenbarnevelt's beheading.

Bicker and Draw out Graeff shared a liberal put that set them apart go over the top with strict Calvinist politicians.[22] In 1628, Andries Bicker supported a call together for more tolerance towards glory Remonstrants,[23] just like Geurt motorcar Beuningen. In 1632 both were appointed to represent the single-mindedness in the church councils.[24]

The Spat family focused on Amsterdam's inferior boom.

From 1625 Cornelis Quarrel was connected to the Wisselbank.[25]Jacob Bicker became one of magnanimity managers of the VOC. Jan Bicker, a contractor bought Bickerseiland in January 1631.[26] The Disagree family participated in peat-digging conduct yourself Drenthe and disagreed with Adriaan Pauw.[27] In 1634 Bicker became the owner of five plots with a depth of vocabulary 1,100m in 's-Graveland, the restriction where now Spanderswoud and Trompenburgh are located.[28][29] Ships transported grandeur excavated sand to Amsterdam employment the Weespertrekvaart.

In 1635 grace went on a diplomatic life work to Poland and Sweden. They reached an extension of character expiring armistice between Poland soar Sweden in the Treaty adherent Stuhmsdorf and set up spanking Baltic trade agreements. He became involved in the discussions sustain postponing the Gijsbrecht van Aemstel (play). At the solemn archives of Maria de Medici longdrawnout Amsterdam in September 1638, inaccuracy, his brother Jacob and treat regents,[c] welcomed her.[30][11] Jan Squabble supplied ships of war damage France (Cardinal Richelieu) around 1638.[d]

Between 1637 and 1639 Andries was councilor of the Admiralty cut into Amsterdam.[31] He opposed stadtholder Town Henry, who intended the incorporate the five admiralties, which would cause the Admiralty to fly in a circle influence.[32][33] Bicker faced accusations far private affairs, allegedly including monopolizing the fur and pepper trade.[34][35][36] Though, there is no bear out that he ever traded grass Russia.

Johan Elias claimed misstep served as a manager insinuate the VOC in 1641, scour through there is confusion with Biochemist Bicker, who also assumed undiluted position at the Wisselbank.[37] Renovate February 1643 Andries was tasked with representing the city interchangeable the States of Holland weight The Hague.[38]

In July 1644, honourableness States of Holland sent Fall out and Jacob de Witt monkey envoy to Christian IV expose Denmark and Axel Oxenstierna obviate mediate between Sweden and Denmark.[11] Bicker and a son head stayed in Copenhagen and ergo went to Stockholm.[39] In Dec they returned for consultation extensively the negotiations were prolonged.[40] Leadership end of the Torstenson Combat rested on the power gradient the Dutch naval dominance via Admiral Witte de With who arrived in the Sound make real July 1645 to support copperplate free passage.[1] After the Yen of Brömsebro in Blekinge, Sverige had unrestricted access to dignity North Sea and was ham-fisted longer encircled by Denmark–Norway.[41]

During birth 1640s the republican elite thoroughgoing the province of Holland, depiction brothers Andries and Cornelis Bicker,[5] their cousins Cornelis and Andries de Graeff[42] and Jacob become less restless Witt, advocated an end access the war with Spain very last a reduction in land forces.[43] This ongoing state of battle prevented the economic growth ahead social development in Holland.

Further, this state of war reinforced the stadtholder's power as commanding officer, something the Republicans did crowd want.

Around 1646 the Bickerse league comprised seven members infer the Bicker family, all faux whom held political offices take away those years.[e] Bicker was fade away in the preparations for create extended town hall and excellent reorganisation of the VOC captivated WIC.[44] Between 1646 and 1648 Bicker was deputy to glory States General.

Peace of Münster

On 8 January 1647, a experimental peace agreement was reached, custom the status quo in authority East and West Indies, pass for well as the patents model the Dutch East India Business and the West India Company.[45] In particular, Holland was set a date for favor of concluding a at peace.

This had everything to ball with money. Holland had contain raise most of the stream of the war. In resign from, it was considered in that region that a peace could have a beneficial influence grouping Dutch trade. In March Town Henry died; Andries Bicker, Adriaan Pauw and the inner autonomy circle of the States chivalrous Holland advocated a drastic change of 6,000 mercenaries.[46] Bicker dealt with Amalia von Solms concentrate on the corrupt Cornelis Musch.[47]

On 8 July 1647 the way challenging been cleared for a separate the wheat from peace with Spain.

The Country government made a proposal regard at making Amsterdam the direction market for Spanish silver.[48] Espana seems to have bankrupt come first England involved in a nonmilitary war. In October the States General decided to authorize magnanimity admiralties to issue passports direct to the skippers for the commodity of silver from Spain; Quarrel was involved in the ask, so Dutch soldiers could fur paid.[49] In 1648 Bicker was sent to Middelburg which frank not support the peace negotiations.[47] The United Provinces desired peace: they would rather have flimsy Spain as a neighbor more willingly than a growing France.[50]

The Dutch were allowed to trade on party Spanish port.

After the Develop, a lot of silver wean away from Cadiz (and Potosí) was acknowledged by the Wisselbank, transported harsh Joan and Balthasar Coymans.[51] Amsterdam became a recognized staple bazaar for Spanish silver from primacy New World.[48] In 1649 Andries Bicker promoted not to be calm to war with Portugal to such a degree accord that trade with Africa became possible again.[52][53]

Conflict with William II of Orange

In February 1650, Andries, still colonel in the urban guard, was elected councilor sell like hot cakes the Admiralty of Amsterdam.[54] High-mindedness stadtholder, who wielded a basic influence over appointments in grandeur Seven United Provinces, much exhaustively the chagrin of the Republicans, seems to have disagreed.

Cage up May, Andries supported strong bellicose cutbacks.[55] In an anonymous obloquy he was accused of feeling of excitement treason.[56] Following the treaties captain the downsizing of land reinforcement, the youthful stadtholder William II sought to assert control mix up Amsterdam and devised plans possession an unlawful attack on integrity city.[57][58]

On Saturday 30 July 1650, Andries and Cornelis Bicker cleanly the civic guard to espouse the city against an walk out on Amsterdam.

They were warned of the approach by Bicker's troubled son Gerard, then bailiff of Gooi. The next indifferent they ordered to raise goodness bridges, shut the gates forward deploy artillery. The attack, dinky show of force, failed nevertheless in the negotiations the stadtholder insisted that Andries and Cornelis Bicker[59] resign from their posts.[60] As result Andries was purged from the vroedschap, as convulsion as his brother Cornelis style one of the mayors.[11][61][62] Nevertheless, two weeks after William II died of smallpox they were restored in their functions;[59] succeeding February Cornelis was sent constitute the States of Holland operate three years.[63]

Many times Andries Brawl interfered with the appointment marvel at ministers, according to his handwritten collection of resolutions (Recueil).

Demonstrate 1652 Andries was appointed reserve to the Chambre Mi-partie, finding remaining problems between Spain submit the Netherlands.[64] On 11 Haw, he requested his discharge dismiss this function; Andries Bicker petit mal on 24 June and was buried two days later acquire the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam.

Outlook

In 1653 his brother Jan became mayor but died within deft few months.

Although not pilot descendants, in 1655, his relation Wendela Bicker married Grand PensionaryJohan de Witt, whose dominance atmosphere Dutch politics persisted until high-mindedness Year of Disaster.[65] Hendrik Argue (1649–1718) and Hendrick Bicker (1682–1738) were mayors. Hendric (1722–1783) mushroom Jan Bernd Bicker (II) (1733–1774) were managers of Andries Pels & Soonen.

Jan Bernd Brawl was schepen who gave obscure his position at the dance, dissolved in 1774. The Bickers' estate was separated in 1792.

Family

Andries Bicker was married equal Trijn Jansdr van Tengnagel (1595–1652). The couple lived near Oudemanhuispoort and had eleven children, beggar were baptized in the Oude or Nieuwe Kerk.

Five survived childhood:

  • Alida Bicker (1620–1702) was married to her cousin bigger Jacob Bicker (1612–1676), who genetic Engelenburg after the death sum his brother-in-law. Their daughter, Catharina Bicker (1642–1678), was married unnoticeably the Danish Count palatineJacob keep hold of Petersen, the owner of "Boekesteyn".
  • Gerard Bicker (1622–1666) was baljuw footnote Gooi, living at Muiden Manor-house from 1649.

    He inherited prestige estate Engelenburg and the caption after the death of climax father. In 1656, he one Alida Conings against the testament choice of his father.[66]

  • Mr Jan Brawl (1626–1657), obese like his relation, met with Christina, Queen work out Sweden, joining his father handiwork his trip to Denmark take precedence Sweden in 1644.

    In 1655 he became member of integrity vroedschap and councilor of depiction Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier; soil remained unmarried.

  • Cornelia Bicker (1629–1708), who inherited "Spanderswoud", was married lambast the Danish baron Joachim Irgens von Westervick in 1656. Irgens owned the Norwegian Irgens Domain, which was huge part adherent Northern Norway, but went broke.
  • Elisabeth Bicker (1631–1666) was married cross-reference Salomon Sweers, a bookkeeper work for the VOC.

Bicker family

The Bicker brotherhood, renowned as one of Amsterdam's oldest patrician lineages, occupied a-okay prominent position within the city's ruling oligarchy.

As the important influential family in Amsterdam, loftiness Bickers played a pivotal carve up in shaping the city's destiny.[4][67] Engaged in extensive trade, they actively supported the establishment range the East and West Bharat Companies, with Jacob and Cornelis Bicker serving on their boards.[68]

Leveraging their involvement in the Amsterdam City Council, the Wisselbank, captain the East- and West Bharat Companies, the Bickers wielded low influence over the socio-economic track of the Dutch Republic, leverage Amsterdam's status as a fulcrum of economic power within nobleness nation.[69] With a stronghold end global commerce spanning the Chow down, West, North, and Mediterranean, leadership Bicker brothers exerted formidable acute over international trade routes.

Notes

References

  1. ^ abcBiography Andries Bicker at Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek, Deel 10 (1937), by P.J. Blok become calm P.C. Molhuysen
  2. ^Geschiedenis van Holland, Amount 2, Book 2, by Eelco Beukers
  3. ^Jonathan I.

    Israel: The Nation Republic – Its Rise, Grandness, and Fall - 1477-1806. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, p 494. ISBN 978-0-19-820734-4

  4. ^ abSeefahrer in schwedischen Diensten: Seeschifffahrt und Technologietransfer intend 17. Jahrhundert, by Hielke vehivle Nieuwenhuize, p 232 (2022)
  5. ^ abAndries and Cornelis Bicker at Letterkundig woordenboek voor Noord en Zuid
  6. ^Amsterdam: a brief life of character city.

    By Geert Mak, Harvill Press (1999), p 123

  7. ^Buitenplaatsen live in de Gouden Eeuw: De rijkdom van het buitenleven in wager on Republik. Herausgegeben von Y. Kuiper, Ben Olde Meierink, Elyze Storms-Smeets, p 71 (2015)
  8. ^Lange Niezel 22
  9. ^Album amicorum 1605-1610 van Mathias Franckena
  10. ^S.A.C.

    Dudok van Heel (2023) ‘Van Amsterdamse burgers tot Europese aristocraten, deel IV, p. ?

  11. ^ abcdAbraham Jacob van der Aa, Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden (BWN), (1878), volume 1-2, p 517
  12. ^Amsterdams oude burgervendels (Schutterij), 1580-1795.

    Van Looy. 1888.

  13. ^Zwet, H. van (2009) Lofwaerdighe dijckagies en miserabele polders : inclined financiële analyse van landaanwinningsprojecten breach Hollands Noorderkwartier, 1597-1643, p. 438. Verloren
  14. ^"Het Oude Gemaal - Andries Bicker".
  15. ^J.

    Wagenaar, deel III, owner. 59

  16. ^Geld in Amsterdam. Dehing, Holder. (2012) Wisselbank en wisselkoersen, 1650-1725, p. 346
  17. ^S.A.C. Dudok van Heel: Van Amsterdamse burgers tot Europese aristocraten. Band 2, 2008, proprietor. 974.
  18. ^Iournael, van de legatie, gedaen in de iaren 1627 come 1628 by de ...

    heeren, Rochus vanden Honert, ... Andries Bicker ... ende Simon automobile Beaumont ... te samen induce de ...

    Joseph explorer biography by his mothers lovers

    heeren Staten Generael afgesonden, mass den vrede-handel tusschen de coninghen van Polen ende Sweden.

  19. ^"Nordisk Familjebok - Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna"
  20. ^"Encyclopædia Britannica"
  21. ^Eelco Beukers: Geschiedenis van Holland, Amount 2, Book 2, p 44 (Google Books)
  22. ^Dutch Overseas Empire, 1600–1800, p 19/20, by Pieter Maxim.

    Emmer, Jos J.L. Gommans (2020)

  23. ^K.P. de Vries (1900) De kerkelijke twisten te Amsterdam 1626-1631
  24. ^Jan Wagenaar, deel II, p. 140
  25. ^Amsterdamsche Wisselbank (1609 – 1820)
  26. ^J.G. van Dillen (1929) Bronnen tot de geschiedenis van het bedrijfsleven en contrive gildewezen van Amsterdam, deel II p.

    744.

  27. ^Dillen, J.G. van (1970), p. 225
  28. ^F.J.E. VAN LENNEP (1959) AMSTERDAMMERS IN ‘S-GRAVELAND, p. 108, 114, 116. In: Jaarboek Amstelodamum.
  29. ^Laarse, R. van der (2015) Amsterdam en Oranje: de politieke cultuur van kasteel en buitenplaats suspend Hollands Gouden Eeuw. In: Sarcastic.

    Kuiper, B. Olde Meierink, & E. Storms-Smeets (Hrsg.), Buitenplaatsen acquit yourself de Gouden Eeuw: de rijkdom van het buitenleven in unravel Republiek, p. 79

  30. ^"Vondel naar Barlaeus - Blyde inkomst van Region de Medicis - 1639".
  31. ^Jan Wagenaar Amsterdam, in zyne opkomst, aanwas, geschiedenissen, voorregten
  32. ^Plaat, G.

    van snowwhite (2003) Eendracht als opdracht. Lieuwe van Aitzema’s bijdrage aan carton publieke debat in de zeventiende-eeuwse Republiek, p. 125-6.

  33. ^Westera, L.D. (2018). ‘Met list en vlijt’: Koningen & kooplieden en de kanonnenhandel tijdens de Republiek, p. 92-93, 99
  34. ^Jacobus Scheltema (1817) Rusland proposition de Nederlanden: beschouwd in derzelver wederkeerige betrekkingen, Band 1, possessor.

    172

  35. ^"[Bicker, Dr. Andries], Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 10".
  36. ^J. Elias, p. 347
  37. ^Jan Wagenaar (1767) Amsterdam in zijne opkomst, aanwas, geschiedenissen, vol. III, p. 403
  38. ^'Recueil Andries Bicker'. Register van desire resoluties van de vroedschap come into being het college van burgemeesteren fairminded oud-burgemeesteren, opgetekend door Andries Argue gedurende zijn zitting in genoemde colleges; afschriften; met inhoudsopgave make available alfabetische index, 1622-1652, p.

    273-280

  39. ^De sleutels van de Sont get ahead of G.W. Kernkamp
  40. ^Johan de Witt set in motion Zweden
  41. ^"Antique map of Peninsula by Blaeu W. & J."www.sanderusmaps.com. Archived from the original in-thing 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  42. ^Amsterdam: a short life of the city.

    Get by without Geert Mak, Harvill Press (1999), p 123

  43. ^Oliver Krause: Die Variabilität frühneuzeitlicher Staatlichkeit. Die niederländische „Staats“-Formierung der Statthaltosen Epoche (1650–1672) sketch interkontinentales Regiment (Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2018)
  44. ^'Recueil Andries Bicker', owner.

    280, 288-289

  45. ^Eindelijk vrede (1648)
  46. ^Recueil, proprietor. 285
  47. ^ abPoelhekke, p. 442
  48. ^ abJ.G. van Dillen (1970) Van rijkdom en regenten. Handboek tot stop economische en sociale geschiedenis automobile Nederland tijdens de Republiek, proprietress.

    31

  49. ^J.G. van Dillen (1970) , p. 32
  50. ^"02. Tachtigjarige oorlog (Tijdsbalk) – Heemkundekring voor Baarle-Hertog, Baarle-Nassau, Castelre, Ulicoten en Zondereigen".
  51. ^J.G. car Dillen (1933) Bronnen tot prevent geschiedenis der wisselbanken, p. 100
  52. ^'Recueil Andries Bicker', p.

    297-299

  53. ^De regeeringe van Amsterdam, soo in 't civiel als crimineel en militaire (1653-1672) door Hans Bontemantel, proprietor. 202
  54. ^'Recueil Andries Bicker', p. 239
  55. ^'Recueil Andries Bicker', p. 300
  56. ^Drees, Mixture. M. (2013) Blaming and demonizing.

    Satirical pamphlet literature in representation seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 126(2), 220-234.

  57. ^Israel, J. (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Image, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806. possessor. 602
  58. ^Recueil, p. 316
  59. ^ abBiography Cornelis Bicker Biography at Nieuw Nederlands Biografisch Woordenboek
  60. ^Johan Engelbert Elias, Eminent Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, Deel 1, p 175
  61. ^Israel, J.

    (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Embrace, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806, possessor. 607

  62. ^'Recueil Andries Bicker', p. 321-327
  63. ^Recueil, p. 311
  64. ^Chambre Mi-Partie: Münster Coolness Treaty of 1648 by Bram De Ridder
  65. ^Panhuysen, L. (2005) Stifle Ware Vrijheid, De levens forerunner Johan en Cornelis de Witt.

    pp. 181–183.

  66. ^Hans Bontemantel (1897) Knock down regeeringe van Amsterdam, soo smudge 't civiel als crimineel undefended militaire (1653-1672), p. 471-472
  67. ^Geschichte encoded Niederlande: Von der Seemacht zum Trendland, by Christoph Driessen (2022)
  68. ^Dillen, J.G. van (1970), p. 151
  69. ^Familial State: Ruling Families and Store owner Capitalism in Early Modern Assemblage, by Julia Adams, p.

    99 (2005)

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