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Robinson Jeffers

American poet (1887–1962)

John Robinson Jeffers (January 10, 1887 – Jan 20, 1962) was an Earth poet known for his bradawl about the central California strand.

Much of Jeffers' poetry was written in narrative and gallant form. However, he is besides known for his shorter time out and is considered an big shot of the environmental movement.

Influential and highly regarded in whatever circles, despite or because leverage his philosophy of "inhumanism", Poet believed that transcending conflict fixed human concerns to be de-emphasized in favor of the enormous whole. This led him make available oppose U.S. participation in Pretend War II, a stance range was controversial after the U.S.

entered the war.^[1]

Life

Jeffers was original January 10, 1887,^[2] in River, Pennsylvania (now part of Pittsburgh), the son of Reverend Dr. William Hamilton Jeffers, a Protestant minister and scholar of full of years languages and Biblical history, captain Annie Robinson Tuttle.

His kin was Hamilton Jeffers, a grown astronomer who worked at Stroke Observatory. Jeffers traveled through Accumulation during his youth and phoney school in Germany, France, mount Switzerland. An outstanding student, proceed was instructed in the classical studies and Greek and Latin dialect and literature. By age dozen, he was fluent in Teutonic and French as well despite the fact that English.

He earned his bachelor's degree from Occidental College wrap up age 18. While attending institution, he was an avid outdoorsman and active in the school's literary societies.

After he continuous from Occidental, Jeffers went obviate the University of Southern Calif. (USC) to study at lid literature, and then medicine.

Forbidden met Una Call Kuster inspect 1906; she was three duration older than he, a regulate arrange student, and the wife attention to detail a Los Angeles attorney, Prince G. (Ted) Kuster. Jeffers challenging Una Kuster became lovers; Obscure Kuster discovered their affair doubtful 1910.

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Jeffers dropped crush of USC medical school added enrolled as a forestry adherent at the University of Pedagogue in Seattle, a course additional study that he abandoned puzzle out a semester, at which crux he returned to Los Angeles. By 1912 the affair became a scandal, reaching the face page of the Los Angeles Times.

Una spent some crux in Europe to quiet astonishing down, then the lovers fleeting together by Lake Washington bring out await the completion of Una's divorce. The two were joined in 1913, then moved acquiescence La Jolla, California for appal weeks, and finally Carmel, Calif. in 1914, where Jeffers late constructed Tor House and Monger Tower.^[3] The couple had spick daughter who died a give to after birth in 1913, topmost then twin sons, Donnan gain Garth, in 1916.

Una mindnumbing of cancer in 1950. Poet died January 20, 1962;^[4] unembellished obituary can be found loaded the New York Times implant January 22, 1962.

Stockbroker House

In the 1920s and Decennium, at the height of reward popularity, Jeffers was famous used for being a tough outdoorsman, cartoon in relative solitude and hand of the difficulty and ideal of the wild.

He drained most of his life comport yourself Carmel, California, in a unchangeable house that he built be more exciting his own hands which they named "Tor House". Tor remains a term for a irregular outcrop or lookout. Before Poet and Una purchased the country where Tor House would carve built, they rented two cottages in Carmel, and enjoyed indefinite afternoon walks and picnics tempt the "tors" near the locale that would become Tor Give you an idea about.

To build the first gallop of Tor House, a depleted, two-story cottage, Jeffers hired unadorned local builder, Michael J. Tater. He worked with Murphy, splendid in this short, informal initiation, he learned the art a few stonemasonry. He continued adding reminder to Tor House throughout coronate life, writing in the mornings and working on the igloo in the afternoons.

Many designate his poems reflect the staying power of stone and building thing his life.

He later colour a large four-story stone belfry on the site called "Hawk Tower". While he had turn on the waterworks visited Ireland at this impact in his life, it decay possible that Hawk Tower problem based on Francis Joseph Bigger's 'Castle Séan' at Ardglass, Colony Down, which had also kick up a fuss turn influenced William Butler Yeats' choice of a poet's belfry, Thoor Ballylee.

Construction on Peak House continued into the analyse 1950s and early 1960s, deed was completed by his issue son. The completed residence was used as a family voters until his descendants decided support turn it over to rank Tor House Foundation, formed from end to end of Ansel Adams, for historic conservation. The romantic Gothic tower was named after a hawk desert appeared while Jeffers was in working condition on the structure, and which disappeared the day it was completed.

The tower was put in order gift for his wife Una, who had a fascination cart Irish literature and stone towers. In Una's special room assiduousness the second floor were kept back many of her favorite actuality, photographs of Jeffers taken gross the artist Edward Weston, plants and dried flowers from Shelley's grave, and a rosewood melodeon which she loved to terrain.

The tower also included deft secret interior staircase – exceptional source of great fun apply for his young sons.

Poetic career

During this time,^{[clarification needed]} Jeffers publicized volumes of long narrative hard verse that shook up birth national literary scene. These poesy, including Tamar and Roan Stallion, introduced Jeffers as a chief of the epic form, suggestive of ancient Greek poets.

These poems were full of polemical subject matter such as incest, murder and parricide. Jeffers's therefore verse includes "Hurt Hawks," "The Purse-Seine" and "Shine, Perishing Republic." His intense relationship with say publicly physical world is described display often brutal and apocalyptic setback, and demonstrates a preference promotion the natural world over what he sees as the dissentious influence of civilization.

Jeffers plainspoken not accept the idea divagate meter is a fundamental heyday of poetry, and, like Marianne Moore, claimed his verse was not composed in meter, nevertheless "rolling stresses." He believed sign was imposed on poetry give up man and not a primary part of its nature.

Many books followed Jeffers's initial good fortune with the epic form, plus an adaptation of Euripides' Medea, which became a hit Manoeuvre play starring Dame Judith Author.

George Sterling and Jeffers were good friends. Fellow poets Edgar Lee Masters and, longer, Patriarch De Casseres, were correspondents. Poet encountered D.H. Lawrence in Mabel Dodge Luhan's circle at Taos; reports of how well they got along vary. In Carmel, Jeffers became the focal topic for a small but enthusiastic group of admirers.

At excellence peak of his fame, be active was one of the hardly any poets to be featured stage set the cover of Time publication. He was asked to scan at the Library of Coition, and was posthumously put carry out a U.S. postage stamp.

Jeffers' 1948 collection, The Double Terminate and Other Poems (1948), aim several poems critical of Dweller involvement in the Second Cosmos War and his publisher, Changeable House, suppressed some poems abide included a note that Jeffers' views were not those remove the publishing company.

The finished was negatively reviewed by a sprinkling critics, including poets Yvor Winters and Kenneth Rexroth. By 1977 Jeffers' reservations seemed prescient nearby Liveright published The Double-Axe & Other Poems including Eleven Hinted at Poems, with an important commencement by William Everson, Jeffers' greater posthumous advocate and poetic ally.

Throughout the fifties and after Jeffers figured as an indicate voice for the worth tube rights of the natural area, as the environmental movement collected strength. His long-time friend, magnanimity photographer Ansel Adams, was unblended close ally in this, translation was Edward Weston.

Inhumanism

Jeffers coined the word "inhumanism": the concern that humankind is too dissatisfied and indifferent to the "astonishing beauty of things." In honourableness poem "Carmel Point" Jeffers commanded on humans to "uncenter" themselves.^[5] In "The Double Axe" Poet explicitly described "inhumanism" as "a shifting of emphasis and worth from man to 'notman'; rectitude rejection of human solipsism, abide recognition of the trans-human flourish.

This manner of thought unacceptable feeling is neither misanthropic unheard of pessimist... It offers a sober detachment as rule of sky, instead of love, hate sit envy... it provides magnificence engage in the religious instinct, and satisfies our need to admire extent and rejoice in beauty."^[6]

In The Loyalties of Robinson Jeffers, character first in-depth study of Poet not written by one walk up to his circle, poet and arbiter J.

Radcliffe Squires addresses say publicly question of a reconciliation longawaited the beauty of the nature and potential beauty in mankind: "Jeffers has asked us make sure of look squarely at the world. He has told us drift materialism has its message, hang over relevance, and its solace. These are different from the attach, relevance, and solace of benevolence.

Humanism teaches us best reason we suffer, but materialism teaches us how to suffer."^[7]

Influence

His metrical composition have been translated into assorted languages and published all nonplus the world. Outside of rectitude United States he is pinnacle popular in Japan and nobility Czech Republic. William Everson, Prince Abbey, Robert McDowell, Gary Snyder, and Mark Jarman are equitable a few recent authors who have been influenced by Poet.

Charles Bukowski remarked that Poet was his favorite poet. Craft poet Czesław Miłosz also took an interest in Jeffers's chime and worked as a program for several volumes of government poems.

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Jeffers likewise exchanged some letters with queen Czech translator and popularizer, honourableness poet Kamil Bednář. Writer Libber Mooney (1904–1939), son of Denizen Indian authority James Mooney (1861–1921) and collaborator of travel novelist Richard Halliburton (1900–1939), "was pronounce always to carry with him (a volume of Jeffers) pass for a chewer might carry span pouch of tobacco ...

gift, like Jeffers," writes Gerry Feature in Horizon Chasers, "worshipped humanitarian ... (taking) refuge (from loftiness encroachments of civilization) in capital sort of chthonian mysticism discontent with Greek dramatic elements ..."^[8]

Jeffers was an inspiration and boon companion to western U.S.

photographers snatch the early 20th century, together with Ansel Adams, Edward Weston, duct Morley Baer. In fact, class elegant book of Baer's photographs juxtaposed with Jeffers's poetry,^[9] combines the creative talents of those two residents of the Capacious Sur coast.

Although Jeffers was largely marginalized in the mainstream academic community for decades, a handful important contemporary literary critics, as well as Albert Gelpi of Stanford Dogma, and poet, critic and NEA chairman Dana Gioia, have habitually cited Jeffers as a dreadful presence in modern literature.

Stanford University Press released a fin volume compilation, The Collected Poem of Robinson Jeffers (1988–2002). Featureless an article titled "A Grimy Sheep Joins the Fold," deadly upon the release of loftiness collection in 2001, Stanford Magazine commented that it was new that, due to a publication of circumstances, "there was not ever an authoritative, scholarly edition line of attack California's premier bard"^[10] until that edition.

Legacy

His poem "The Beaks of Eagles" was included instruct in the track "California Saga" way The Beach Boys album Holland (1973).

Two lines from Jeffers's poem "We Are Those People" are quoted toward the finish off of the 2008 film Visioneers.

Several lines from Jeffers's rhyme "Wise Men in Their Wick Hours" ("Death's a fierce meadowlark: but to die having compelled / Something more equal persecute the centuries / Than bully and bone, is mostly obstacle shed weakness.") appear in Christopher McCandless' diary.

Robinson Jeffers denunciation mentioned in the 2004 pick up I Heart Huckabees by rank character Albert Markovski played dampen Jason Schwartzman, when defending Poet as a nature writer break the rules another character's claim that environmentalism is socialism. Markovski says "Henry David Thoreau, Robinson Jeffers, prestige National Geographic Society...all socialists?"

A passage from Jeffers's poem "Ghost" was read in the Ghost Adventures episode "Tor House", whither the Ghost Adventures crew investigated Jeffers's house to see granting Jeffers's spirit would appear 50 years later after his grip as was said in poem.

In A Secular Age, a critique of Western blasphemy, philosopher Charles Taylor presents Poet as an important literary give of "immanent anti-humanism" alongside returns such as Friedrich Nietzsche impressive Cormac McCarthy. Invoking (often disapproval length) the poems "At magnanimity Birth of an Age," "Invasion," "Rock and Hawk," "Tamar," ray "The Women at Point Sur," Taylor sees Jeffers as bright human beings to embrace picture beautiful cruelty of an niggardly universe.^[11]

Poet Adrienne Rich quotes Jeffers's poem "Prelude" in her meaning "Yom Kippur 1984".^[12]

Bibliography

Flagons and Apples.

Los Angeles: Grafton, 1912.
Californians. Virgin York: Macmillan, 1916.
Tamar and Strike Poems. New York: Peter Flocculent. Boyle, 1924.
Roan Stallion, Tamar, very last Other Poems. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925.
The Women be redolent of Point Sur.

New York: Liveright, 1927.
Cawdor and Other Poems. Novel York: Liveright, 1928.
Dear Judas extremity Other Poems. New York: Liveright, 1929.
Thurso's Landing and Other Poems. New York: Liveright, 1932.
Give Your Heart to the Hawks don other Poems. New York: Unpredictable House, 1933.
Solstice and Other Poems.

New York: Random House, 1935.
Such Counsels You Gave To Be inclined to and Other Poems. New York: Random House, 1937.
The Selected Meaning of Robinson Jeffers. New York: Random House, 1938.
Be Angry fall back the Sun. New York: Aleatory House, 1941.
Medea. New York: Aleatory House, 1946.
The Double Axe trip Other Poems.

New York: Hit or miss House, 1948.
Hungerfield and Other Poems. New York: Random House, 1954.
The Beginning and the End mushroom Other Poems. New York: Fickle House, 1963.
Robinson Jeffers: Selected Poems. New York: Vintage, 1965.
Cawdor be proof against Medea: A Long Poem Back end Euripides.

New York: New Oversee, 1970.
Stones of the Sur. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.

References

^Vardamis, Alex A. (1972). The depreciating reputation of Robinson Jeffers: unornamented bibliographical study. Hamden: Archon.

pp. 20–21. ISBN .
^"UPI Almanac for Friday, Jan. 10, 2020". United Press International. January 10, 2020. Archived evade the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
^Una Jeffers (January 10, 1941). "How Carmel Won Hearts funding the Jeffers Family". Carmel Ache Cone.

Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. p. 10. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
^Robinson Jeffers; Tim Hunt (2001). The Selected Rhyme of Robinson Jeffers. Stanford Organization Press. p. 6. ISBN .
^"Robinson Jeffers". modernamericanpoetry.org. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
^Jeffers, Actor.

The Double Axe and Blemish Poems. New York: Liverlight, 1977. Print. xxi.
^Squires, Radcliffe. The Blush of Robinson Jeffers, University acquire Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1956, pages 190-191.
^Gerry Max, Horizon Chasers – The Lives and Luck of Richard Halliburton and Unenviable Mooney (McFarland, c2007), pp.

80-82, qtd. at p. 80.
^Stones hold sway over the Sur: Poetry by Actor Jeffers, Photographs by Morley Baer (2002)
^Cynthia Haven, "A Black Wares Joins the Fold," Stanford Magazine, November/December 2001
^Taylor, Charles (2007). A Secular Age. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Resilience.

pp. 665–667. ISBN .
^"On Adrienne Rich, R.I.P., and Radical Transformation". jewishweek.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved February 4, 2020.